1. Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma) – Kidney Cancer
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Nephrectomy (partial or total removal of the affected kidney).
     • May be followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
2. Neuroblastoma – Adrenal Gland & Nerve Tissue Cancer
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Tumor resection with chemotherapy and radiation in advanced cases.
3. Hepatoblastoma & Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver Cancers)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Liver resection (hepatectomy) or liver transplant in severe cases.

B. Bone & Soft Tissue Tumors

1. Osteosarcoma & Ewing’s Sarcoma (Bone Cancers)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Limb-sparing surgery or amputation if necessary.
     • Chemotherapy before and after surgery to shrink the tumor and prevent recurrence.
2. Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Cancer in Muscles)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Surgical removal followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation.

C. Brain & Spinal Cord Tumors

1. Medulloblastoma & Gliomas (Brain Tumors)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Neurosurgical tumor excision.
     • May require postoperative chemotherapy or radiation.
2. Ependymoma (Spinal Cord Tumor)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Microsurgical removal of the tumor.
     • Radiation therapy in some cases.

D. Other Pediatric Cancers

1. Germ Cell Tumors (Testicular, Ovarian, Sacrococcygeal Teratomas)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Surgical removal, sometimes combined with chemotherapy.
2. Lymphomas (Hodgkin’s & Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)
   
   • Treatment:
     
     • Surgical biopsy for diagnosis, followed by chemotherapy.
     • Sometimes removal of large, localized tumors.

2. Surgical Techniques in Pediatric Oncology

• Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS): Laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery for smaller incisions and quicker recovery.
• Tumor Debulking Surgery: Partial removal of tumors when complete removal is not possible.
• Limb-Sparing Surgery: Preserving limbs while removing bone cancers.
• Neurosurgery: Precision tumor removal from the brain or spinal cord.

3. Multidisciplinary Approach & Post-Surgical Care

• Collaboration with Pediatric Oncologists: Chemotherapy and radiation planning.
• Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy: Especially for bone and brain tumors.
• Long-term Monitoring & Follow-up: Preventing recurrence and managing late effects.